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Chemistry

  Chemistry (& Botany) terms.

  nutrition, veggies, experiments!

References

to add

chem additions: anion(-), cation(+), ESD=ElectroStatic Discharge,
isopropyl/cloud chamber
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge, arc'g

acetic acid

CH3CO2H, molar wt 60g, pH 4.76. In vinegar. classed a 'weak acid'.
wikip

acids and bases

'acid' is from the latin for 'sour' (!).
precautions:
    store acid in glass vessels. (it reacts w/ metal)
    never pour water into acid (ref c08 p34)
    best gloves are nitrile.  (ref c08 p35 and apx E)
Acid-base reactions, types of
1. Arrhenius acid, 1884: adds H+ to water (actually makes H3O+), written "H+ (ag)". Arrhenius 1884. eg HCL,acetic
    Arrhenius base "adds OH-"
    this description is 'limited in its scope'
2. Bronsted-Lowry acid, 1923: proton transfer. CH3COOH + H20 <ToFrom>CH3COOH- + H3O+
    //where CH3COOH is acetic acid
3. Lewis Acid, 1923: e- pair transfer.

issue	acid	base	notes
pH	0-7	8-14
litmus	red		paper orig blue. more
forms	salts		whn reactg w/ metal

wikip
aqueous solution
ammonia   NH3
conjugate base   denoted A- in wikip. Acid-base conjugate pairs differ by one proton
e-  electron
equilibrium constant Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] // == product concentrations / reactants concentration
    also discussed in ref 18, page 258
equilibrium constant example, XAM p117
hydron  == H+ == proton
hydronium ion   H3O+
hydroxide (ion) OH-
oxidizer   causes something to lose electrons
reducer
10-7 moles per liter    signif...

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate.

ADP can be interconverted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). ATP contains one more phosphate group than does ADP. AMP contains one fewer phosphate group. Energy transfer used by all living things is a result of dephosphorylation of ATP by enzymes known as ATPases. The cleavage of a phosphate group from ATP results in the coupling of energy to metabolic reactions and a by-product of ADP.
wikip

alkane

An alkane is a hydrocarbon, consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane, CH4 where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large molecules.

wikip

anion

negatively charged ion

Arrhenius, reaction rates. 1889

a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. Arrhenius_equation, wikip

Arrhenius' rule

Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law), Arrhenius formulated what he referred to as a 'rule'. In its original form, Arrhenius' rule reads as follows:

"If the quantity of carbonic acid [ CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) ] increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression"

The following formulation of Arrhenius' rule is still in use today:
delta F = alpha * ln(C/C0)
where C0 is the concentration of CO2 at the beginning (time-zero) of the period being studied [(If the same concentration unit is used for both C and C0, then it doesn't matter which concentration unit is used.)]; C is the CO2 concentration at end of the period being studied; ln is the natural logarithm (= log base e (loge)); and Delta F is the augmentation of the temperature, in other words the change in the rate of heating Earth's surface (radiative forcing), which is measured in joules of heat energy per second, per square meter — a joule per second is one watt. Derivations from atmospheric radiative transfer models have found that Alpha for CO2 is 5.35 (+/- 10%) for Earth's atmosphere.

wikip

antimony, in doping semiconductors

 
  
electronic tutorials
semiconductor, local

atom, info to distribute

from notes, reading TODO
strong F out to 10e-14m
Z #protons, N neutrons, A=Z+N  atomic number
chg sign for P vs electron. 1.602e-19 C   where C is Coulombs
binding E  TODO. weird.
Mev/C2 == mass
1932 chadwick. neutron
nuclear radius r = r0 A1/3 where A is mass number. r0 is 1.2e-15m
nuclear density = 2.3e17kg/m3
serway p1297
nuclear force range about 2 fm femtometeres. 2e-15m
neutrons in nuc needed so protons don't fly away.  due to coulomb force.
see doc/nucNote.png
nuc excited for 10e-10s !             much/all of this fm serway (vol II)
gamma
1319 spin angular momentum

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA.
see also ADP, local
wikip

bolt

(verb) to flower

Baking powder

Baking soda with added salts and corn starch.
wikipedia

Baking Soda

NaHCO3, Sodium bicarbonate, 84g/mol alkaline.

Baking soda can be used to raise the total alkalinity of a hot tub spa so long as the water isn't too acidic. It decomposes above 70 or 80C (references disagreed) and produces CO2 bubbles in a recipe. Used as a fire suppressing agent. Kills cockroaches (wikip)

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g) reaction w/ acetic acid (in vinegar)
CH3COONa is sodium acetate
wikip
make CO2 w/ baking soda
another CO2 effort
python pgm

balance an equation

wikip
wikihow
XAM p118 gives example, one which requires solving a quadratic !

bath salts

a video on youtube claimed these were amphetamines and had caused
many serious physical problems, "accidents".

d

battery

voltage based on 'half reactions, wikip'
in which each metal, anode or cathode, has its own interaction with the electrolyte.
The combination produces the voltage.

internal resistance builds up with use and will limit the voltage. See related prjt

SFE Coulomb Counter, 180122 where are these?  TODO
Lead acid battery, wikip
non-correctable problems, old doc, like cell reversal, battery university
non-correctable problems, new doc, like cell reversal, battery university. TODO:read
low capacity
high internal resistance
elevated self-discharge

battery, lemon battery

    zinc: Zn --> Zn(2+) + 2e-
    acid: 2H+ + 2e- --> H2   (sulphuric used by Volta)
The copper electrode doesn't react. just an electrode.
H2 accumulates on Cu electrode weakening the cell. (motion would help(?))
Volta, wiki, see section 'Early battery' acid,Zn,Cu

battery projects

internalResistance/doc/batteryTestRint.png mathPhysics/internalResistance/doc, 1703xx
internal resistance prjt mathPhysics/internalResistance... 1703xx
rover/doc/batteryTable.png types of batts, properties. arduino/...; NiCd, NiMH, Li-ion...
pix_figures/testingBattery54.jpg how to use common, small batt tester, 2010
robotics/doc/batteryTester.png robotics/doc, arduino schematic proposed for robotics. not built

archive/car/batteryTable.html (Big) batts considered for electric car design.  0903060832
ExideGolfCartBatteryMaintenance.pdf detailed care of golf cart lead acid batteries, 2012
summary:
    recharge daily. don't overfill (can cause loss of electrolyte), use pure water, clean batt w/ baking soda
    check batt: acid specify gravity_batt should not vary more than 50 points between cells.
    fully charge before storing. check and recharge if below 1.22 specific gravity.
    New batteries and old batteries that have been in storage are not capable of their rated output
        until they have been discharged and charged several times.
    When temperatures are below 60ºF, new batteries should be given an extra, full charge once a week.
        The ampere hours a battery can deliver and its charge acceptance varies directly with battery temperature.

specific
gravity
Charge
1.26-1.28
no need
1.24-1.26
4 hrs
1.22-1.24
8 hrs
<1.22
12 hrs

BER

Blossom End Rot, see veggieTech/hydro/doc/nutrientRecipesCV21600.pdf

beetle

inhale O2, exhale CO2

benzene

an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6
an aromatic hydrocarbon...colorless and highly flammable liquid
has a high octane number, it is an important component of gasoline.
Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell.
...benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal.
As its toxicity became obvious,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene#Structure benzene ring
Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group.

Binding force, electron shell

PT1_Q68

binding force strongest in ionic bonds,
next is covalent,
last is Van der Waal PT1_Q68

biodynamics

A wacky-ass movement claiming that phases of the moon (and worse) suggest planting days, harvesting days etc. Amazing stuff. Seen at Santa Rosa's "Heirloom Expo". Search web for any of the scathing rebuttals to biodynamics.

Boron (B)

micro nutrient. Assist in the metabolic function of plant and aids in cell division.

Is also used in semiconductors:

electronic tutorials semiconductor, local

buffer

A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood.
from wikip

bullishness

"bullishness" (tomato plant forms too much veg structure). A ref says it's due to too much N. Keeping the N level low (60 to 70ppm) early in the season helps eliminate bullishness.
One parent article for this entry is nutrient recipe

Calcium (Ca)

secondary nutrient. Calcium is essential for plant growth, cell division and enlargement. Calcium is a component of cell membranes and is important for developing the root system, shoot tips and storage organs. Calcium aids in pollen development and help plants to retain their foliage.

calcite

CaCO3. when heated, it expands on 1 axis, shrinks on other.

Calvin Cycle

TODO

Carbon (C)

primary nutrient. Carbon (C)

carbon rod

probably refers to the central rod extracted from an expired D-cell battery. Weird feel to them. Resistance close to zero(?). Acts 'capacitive' on a VOM. Have 2 rods(2018).
see ref c08, pg 21, 'carbon arc furnance', High Current!

carbonated water

Also called 'selzer water' or 'fizzy water'.
CO2 dissolved in water 0.2 to 1% makes carbonic acid (H2CO3). pH between 3 and 4. Traditionally a salt is often added to mimic the original recipe which was based on preservatives added to water (! wikip /Carbonated_water).

Saw a Bill Nye video (Netflix, 1st video) where he made it by blowing bubbles into a glass of (chilled?) water with a straw! Took ~6-9 healthy blows.

When industry makes carbonated water, the water is chilled to just above freezing so it will absorb the max amount of gas Henry's law, wikip

'hypercapnia' == CO2 overload

see CO2, local

Carbon Dioxide

"Fixed Air". Used to kill mice in breweries, 1767.
project related to CO2 measurement
wikip

chloride

The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl-. It is formed when the element chlorine (a halogen gains an electron or when a compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often very soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells.

wikip

Chlorine (Cl)

secondary nutrient.- not always essential

Cobalt (Co)

micro nutrient. Ethylene synthesis is a process that inhibits shoot development. Cobalt is an ion that inhibits ethylene synthesis thus allowing shoots to develop.

CO2

molar weight = 44g, typ 390ppm, 50% heavier than dry air.
Typical concentration in atmosphere = 390ppm = 0.039%, is < 1:2500
(other material says the concentration is closer to 300 or 350 ppm).
 350-1000 typical of occupied indoor spaces w/ good air exchange
1000-2000 complaints of drowsiness, poor air
2000-5000 headaches, sleepiness, stagnant, stuffy air
30000 OSHA's max limit. == 3 percent
100000 lethal. 10%. death in 30 minutes.

'dry ice' -109.3F = -78.5C; no liquid form below 5.13 atm. solid to gas == 'vv_sublimation'
    lowers water's pH when dissolved in it, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3)
    density about 1.5 g/cm3

def dryIceNeeded(vol2fill_cm3) :   see examples/dryIce*.py

wikip
articles found w/ google string "carbon dioxide enrichment"

hydrofarm article quantitative article. Has 'store locator' (2 in concord!)

homeharvest "air fertilization". cites specific plants w/ results at 550ppm

Aspen FACE The (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Experiment is a multidisciplinary study to assess the effects of increasing tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide levels on the structure and function of northern forest ecosystems.

comprehensive guide "Studies have shown optimal growth and yields at 90-95f, 1,500 ppm CO2, 45-50 % relative humidity, 7,500-10,000 lumens/square foot of light, and vigorous air movement both above and below the canopy. CO2 enrichment under 80F, under 7500 lumens/sf, or above 50% humidity is not recommended because plants will not be conducting photosynthesis quickly enough to benefit from the enrichment."

Quantifies volume, CO2 needed. Describes exhaust cycling, CO2 generation. propane quantity, mosquito killing devices!, fermentation of sugar and __ soda/acid requires a lot of material except for small closet grows human breathing. normal. 70minutes for full day, 512 cu ft. (16seconds for 2cu ft!) circulation fan needed.
CO2 fm baking soda
CO2 fm paraffin candles
CO2 fm propane (torch)
baking_soda = Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
baking_powder = baking soda + some stuff
carbonated water, local

cocopeat

Another inert material for growing. earthbox.com/Coconut-Fiber

Compost Tea

Made from a mature compost by added heated water. Believe it's compatible with hydroponics.

coal gas

. mix of H2, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other volatiles, made by burning coal w/o air. Was piped to homes in the 60's and 70's. There's a wikip page on it.

concentration

units etc TODO. moles/liter...

conjugate base, 'conjugate acid'

A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it. On the other hand, a conjugate base is merely what is left after an acid has donated a proton in a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid. In summary, this can be represented as the following chemical reaction:
Acid + Base <ToFrom> Conjugate Base + Conjugate Acid

The Brønsted–Lowry theory, which proposed that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. A proton is represented by the symbol H+ because it constitutes the nucleus of a hydrogen atom,[2] that is, a hydrogen cation.

A cation can be a conjugate acid, and an anion can be a conjugate base, depending on which substance is involved and which acid–base theory is the viewpoint. wikip

Copper (Cu)

micro nutrient. Copper contains amine oxidase (CuAO) has been suggested to play a role in h2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) production in plant cell walls during cell development and in response to pathogen attack. Copper functions as a catalyst in photosynthesis and respiration. It is a constituent of several enzyme systems involved in building and converting amino acids to proteins.

Copper is important in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and is important in the formation of lining in plant cell walls which leads to the structural strength of the cells, and the plant. Copper also affects the flavor, the storage ability, and the sugar content of fruits.

cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, "produce oxygen"

"Cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful group of microorganisms on earth. They are the most genetically diverse; they occupy a broad range of habitats across all latitudes, widespread in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and they are found in the most extreme niches such as hot springs, salt works, and hypersaline bays."

Cyanobacteria account for 20-30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity".

"Large blooms can also rob the water of oxygen, creating a dead zone where other organisms cannot survive"
wiki article on cyanobacteria
Lake Atitlan bloom 2009

degree-days

Aka "physiological time" or "heat units" (UCD article). Used a bit differently by bug/pest people and by plant people. See Gdd (local).
quant study fm 'science direct'. $19.95
This is the sum (integral) of temperature over a time measured in days where the temperature is measured relative to a "base temperature" (which is often the freezing point of water but can be the lowest temperature a specific organism can grow).
wikipedia for various plants, trees.
U.C.Davis article describes several methods for calculating.

• The references don't specify temperature units, Farenheit or Celsius, but they seem to assume Farenheit and specifically call out "Celsius degree days".
• An organism may have an upper temperature limit too. In that case the summation pretends the temperature never exceeded that limit (truncation).

Dewar

container. thermos? Serway p577

DIY

"Do It Yourself". not just a term but (practically) a movement! eg: "Maker", "Instructables". google those plus DIY.

DNA

Chemical structure of DNA, showing four nucleobase pairs produced by eight nucleotides: adenine (A) is joined to thymine (T), and guanine (G) is joined to cytosine (C). + This structure also shows the directionality of each of the two phosphate-deoxyribose backbones, or strands. The 5' to 3' (read "5 prime to 3 prime") directions are: down the strand on the left, and up the strand on the right. The strands twist around each other to form a double helix structure.

TODO doc/dnaBasicParts.png dnaStrandBonds.png

DNA replication

seen on CSET215 practice test
    alleles = a variant form of a given gene, can be recessive
    autosomal transmission.
         An autosome is a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (== allosome ).
    cell = doc/DNAinCell.png
    chromosomes: X, Y are the 'allosomes' (== sex-determining chromosomes).
        Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when
        the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division.
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis  chromosome phases
        interphase // prep for cell division. no real chrom activity(?)
            During all three parts of interphase, the cell grows by producing
            proteins and cytoplasmic organelles.
            sub phases. G1 (first gap), S (synthesis, Chrom copies made(?)), and G2 (second gap)
        mitosis
            (preprophase only for plants)
            prophase.  tightly condenses chromosomes and initiates mitotic spindle formation
            prometaphase  nuclear envelope disintegrates
            metaphase   two centrosomes begin pulling the chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell
            anaphase    sister chromatids together are cleaved and move to ends of cell
            telophase   new nuclear envelope forms
        Cytokinesis is a 'clean up' phase.  imho
    models

    gene == a sequence of DNA or RNA which codes for a molecule that has a function.
        During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly
        functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function.
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene

    pedigree chart == a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes
        of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next.
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart

    phenotype == the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits,
        such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties,
        behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest). A phenotype results
        from the expression of an organism's genetic code, its genotype, as well as the
        influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two.
        When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of
        a species, the species is called polymorphic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype

    prokaryotes lack a nucleus
        bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome,
        but many variations exist.

earthbox

flower pot arrangement, purchased from Navlet's, Dec 2011, to study veggie growth. Soil volume about 2 cu.ft.
mfg's website
"Patent 7,634,871" is shown on bottom of box. A review of the patent shows that it only pertains to the features of the box itself, not the process. The patent does references other patents of "self-watering containers".

earthTainer

A DIY version of the earthbox. learned of it from Lisa Robinson at the PHGSC. Also called "InnTainer".
InnTainer-Construction-Guide.pdf
Chapter 2 (page 11) describes the fertilizer.
Please browse related website.

enthalpy

synonym for "latent heat of fusion"

PT1_Q10 Which relationship about enthalpies in an endothermic reaction is correct? ans Hr < Hp.
Correct Answer:
HR < HP  which apparently means:
"When the enthalpy of the reaction is less then enthalpy of products, then the reaction is endothermic"

Epsom Salt

Magnesium Sulfate. Odd stuff. Named after a place in England where is occurs naturally. Soak in it to ease muscle soreness.
When anhydrous and water added, it releases heat! Used to warm hands, food. Have to bake out the water on a stove or the like.

equilibrium constant

An equilibrium constant of 4 means the product of the concentrations of a reaction outputs is 4 times larger than the product of the concentrations of a reaction inputs.
[H2O] means "the # of moles of water molecules", which is proportional to the concentration.

output1.conc * output2.conc		[CH3CO2C2H5] [H2O]
----------------------------------	=	---------------------------------- = 4
input1.conc * input2.conc		[CH3COOH] [CH3CH2OH]

See sciCalcs for how the above was solved.

"Reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change." wikip

ethylene

Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds). wikip

evolution, Darwin

    claims:
        all modern species have evolved fm ancestral forms
        natural selection is the main mechanism for change.
    embryos similar.

fossil fuel formation

    low oxygen, aquatic environment

Galvanization

'galvanized' means 'zinc coated'. zinc corrodes before the iron or steel it's protecting. The iron/steel provides the structure. Named (by Volta) after Luigi Galvani who 1st noted "animal electricity".
wikip

Gdd

growing degree-days.
Gdd is the sum of (average day temp (max+min)/2 - 50F), negative values ignored
wiki 
Skagit

name	tMin	tMax	flower	latin name	notes, references
dandelion	-	-	50	-	use to indicate Gdd 50
melons	-	-	≥1750	-	-
potato	46	-	-	-	Gdd wiki
tomato	50	93	≥1300	Solanum lycopersicum	Gdd wiki
tomato2	-	-	1650-1700	-	farmer. "to ripen",http://uspest.org/wea/

Gericke

Mr Gerike is credited w/ naming hydroponics. Worked at UC Berkeley 1930's. Grew tomato vines 25' tall in backyard w/o inert material. Was secretive about details of his methods. Subsequent researcher, Dennis Hoagland, published nutrient recipes, removed hype from Gericke's papers. Gerike has been called "The Steve Jobs of hydroponics".

germination

Germination is the process by which plants, fungus and bacteria emerge from seeds and spores, and begin growth. Literature often mentions a best temperature range for germination.
wiki
See also: how to start tomatoes from seeds. This article contains the following overview:

The approach culled from the 2 parts of the above article give:

setup

• use container with good drainage. Should be dark environ at first (some types need darkness for germination to occur)
• serial number sterile media. media choices include:
  1. rockwool
  2. half peat,half vermiculite,
• pre-moisten media
• warm container and media to 75-80F (damaged if <50F or >95F) better is 65-80F day, 60-65F nights
• plant seed 1/4" below surface
• set Gdd sum to 0; start temperature recording.
• start log book entries. per container (?). photo log?

staged treatments

1. before shoots: dark, keep soil moist, 65-80F day, 60-65F nights
2. after germination has started, let surface dry a bit between waterings. add light, 65-80F day, 60-65F nights
3. when 1st "true leaves" appear, add P (from NPK fertilizer #'s. "Starter"). and begin (optional) ~2 week 'cold treatment' regimen:
   • lot of light 9-12 hrs.
   • temp 55F day and night
   • cold extends seedling time 10-14 days
   • shake or wiggle plants to help build strength.
4. harden seedlings by gradual intro to temps used in final grow area

translant to final grow area

global buckets

auto watering video
globalbuckets.org

glucose

C6H12O6
wikipedia

greenhouse cover

Covering over a pot, earthbox, earthTainer, or veggie bed. For heat and retention of carbon dioxide.

    soft model would use translucent drop cloth, 1-2 layer, with hoop battens.
        would need hard end plates for mounting vent(s)

    acrylic model:
        plaster mold for acrylic .
            make male mold w/ router'd 14-18" (half) circles, slatted, sanded to shape.
        250 degrees(?) needed.
        Bell Plastics, 2020 National Avenue, Hayward, CA,
            West on Winton, turn left on Clawiter, rt on National

    could make my own mold.
        plaster molds for plastics
        mold-plexiglass
    

halogen

"salt-producing". 5 related elements:
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine.
All of the halogens form acids when bonded to hydrogen (== 'halides')
chlorine, bromine and iodine, are often used as disinfectants.
When halogens react with metals they produce a wide range of salts
Halogen

hard water

water containing 'a lot' of minerals, particularly calcium carbonate (above 70 ppm). (https://www.kjmagnetics.com/blog.asp?p=water-treatment says it's calcium carbonate and magnesium). These minerals form 'scale' in pipes.
'water softeners' reduce or remove the CA but leave the water too salty for hydroponics.
According to hydroponic-solution, white stuff on your faucets is a good indicator that you have hard water. Hydro nutrient suppliers have special versions of nutient solutions for hard water.
really poor water has 300+ ppm of dissolved solids. Likely requires "Reverse Osmosis"

hardening

A term used by Charlie at the local Navlets nursery. It is the process by which a greenhouse plant is gradually introduced to its future (usually outdoor and usually colder) climate. He implied that a rapid change could injure some types of plants.

Hoagland

Hoagland Solution and how to make it! Of the same genera is nutrient recipe

Hydrogen (H)

primary nutrient.

inert material

• rockwool
• perlite
• shredded coconut (shell)
• day-pebbles (mentioned in indoor gardening article
• NFT mentioned in nutrient recipe entry

IPM

Integrated Pest Management. Seen in UCD materials. They used notion of degree-days to predict maturity (?) of certain pests.

Iron (Fe)

micro nutrient. Iron gives green color to plant foliage. Iron is part of the make up of enzymes and aids in protein synthesis, photosynthesis and the metabolic functions of plants. Iron is also required for chlorophyll synthesis.

isopropyl alcohol

dehydrating, instructables for cloud chamber

litmus paper

A water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity.

Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue (or green) under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F).
Neutral litmus paper is purple.

An alternative (probably more modern) is 'universal indicator' (fluid or paper). Paper form is better if the solution is dark. universal indicator,wikip

How to make litmus paper from red cabbage leaves (TODO: there are 2+ types of litmus!)
TODO: "universal indicator" solution is modern day replacement for litmus paper. Bill Nye, season 1, show 2(?)

Boil your red cabbage until the water it is a red-purple color.
Strain the red cabbage from the solution.
Cut your blotting paper into small strips.
Put your blotting paper strips into the solution and leave them there to soak.
soak for minutes. really. be patient.
Take them out and leave to dry.
Your litmus strips are now ready to use!

18010x I used 1/2 cabbage. Made ~1.4 pints of inky fluid, 2 1-pint jars.
I stapled together a bunch of strips of printer paper. Didn't let them SOAK long.
Only edges done on most of them. the 0.4 pint solution got much lighter.
Did the solution react to the ?acidity +/- of the paper?
Does a pint of solution only color so much paper?

180115: using the 1 pint of still inky solution. papers not stapled.
Will drop into jar and let soak LONG time - then dump the solution(?).

Simon noted (too late) that I could have made several dishes
with the cabbage... but I had tossed it. ref c08, p54, item 74.
How-to-make-litmus-paper
wikip

Manganese (Mn)

micro nutrient. Manganese is part of the make up of enzymes and help in photosynthesis and the metabolic functions of plants.

Magnesium (Ma)

secondary nutrient. Magnesium occurs in chlorophyll and is also an activator of enzymes.

methane

CH4, the simplest alkane, principal component of natural gas.
CO is a combustion byproduct.
Methane

micro nutrients

• Boron (B) nutrient micro
• Cobalt (Co) nutrient micro
• Copper (Cu) nutrient micro
• Iron (Fe) nutrient micro
• Maganese (Mn) nutrient micro
• Molybdenum (Mo) nutrient micro
• Zinc (Zn) nutrient micro

One parent article for this entry is nutrient recipe

molarity

moles/liter = moles/dm3. see wikip

molecular mass

carbon	12
hydrogen	1
oxygen	16
sodium	23
acetic acid	60, pH 4.7l wikip
CO2	44
glucose	180
paraffin	310
propane	44
water	18

Molybdenum (Mo)

micro nutrient. Molybdenum is part of the make up of enzymes and aids in the metabolic functions of plant. Molybdenum is also required for nitrogen fixing bacteria

natural gas

Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, with up to 20 percent concentration of other hydrocarbons (usually ethane) as well as small amounts of impurities such as carbon dioxide (wiki)
wiki 

NFT

NFT == (TODO) some kind of inert material.
One parent article for this entry is nutrient recipe

nightshade

Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes a number of important agricultural crops. Many species are toxic plants. Tomatoes and potatoes are nightshades; the leaves of the tomato plant are toxic.
wiki

Nitrogen (N)

primary nutrient. Nitrogen is important for normal plant development. Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, a protein which include nucleic acids, enzymes, light-harvesting pigment and chlorophyll. Nitrogen promotes plant growth and dense, bright foliage.
The boiling pt of N2 is 77K

Nitrogen Fixation

With 78% of air being N₂, you would think it easy for plants to acquire the N needed for amino acids etc but N2 is extremely stable and thus difficult to disassociate. Certain bacteria seem to have taken on the symbiotic role of "fixing N" and they typical produce ammonia (NH3), nitrites (NO2-), and/or nitrates (NO3-) which the plant can further process as needed.
wiki article on cyanobacteria
glossary_sci on cyanobacteria

nutrient recipe

AKA "nutrient solution", "nutrient mix" This is the mix of the 17 (or so) chemicals needed to support plant growth. It has evolved since the 1930's Hoagland Solution and the requirements vary somewhat plant to plant and even vary during different parts of the growing season. For example, the needs of the seedling focus on stalk growth while the mature plant is making blossoms. Different needs. The following link gives a simplistic definition while the remainder of this section comes from hydroponics.com. indoor gardening guide
This seems good for beginners but short."Another good time to do a complete flush of the plant and growing medium is around 2 weeks before your expected harvest date. That will help prevent the vegetables from tasting like your hydroponic nutrient solution." This comes courtesy of www.hydroponicsearch.com
edis.ifas.ufl.edu
CV21600.pdf, copy in veggieTech/hydro/doc/nutrientRecipesCV21600.pdf The relationship between this and the hoagland solution is unknown (by me). It's likely similar. This paper is for production people. assumes well water This material introduced terms now entered elsewhere in the glossary:

• bullishness
• NFT
• primary nutrients
• secondary nutrients
• micro nutrients

Primary nutrients: The primary, or macro, nutrients required by plants are:

• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Oxygen (O)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Potassium (K)

Secondary nutrients: In addition to the primary nutrients listed above, plants also need secondary nutrients:

• Calcium (Ca)
• Chlorine (Cl)
• Magnesium (Ma)
• Sodium (Na)
• Sulphur (S)

Micro nutrients: Aside for the primary and secondary nutrient requirements, plants also need several micro nutrients:

• Boron (B)
• Cobalt (Co)
• Copper (Cu)
• Iron (Fe)
• Maganese (Mn)
• Molybdenum (Mo)
• Zinc (Zn)

Oxygen (O)

primary nutrient.

paraffin

an 'alkane'. C22H46 for candle wax There isn't a single formula for paraffin as the term seems to apply to a series of similar compounds.

density                          900 kg/m3
heat of combustion               42 kJ/g
latent heat of vaporization   :
latent heat of fusion (C25H52):  200-220J/g (wikip, syn: "enthalpy")

wikip

particulates

The current focus (Nov 2018) is on the smoke from the Paradise fires and the "particulates" fogging the area and threatening the health of those susceptible to PM_2.5

    health.ny.gov
    2.5um is about 1000th of an inch, 30 times smaller than human hair.
    The short-term standard (24-hour or daily average) is
    35 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3) and
    the long-term standard (annual average) is 12 µg/m3.
    www.epa.gov
    find beach sand is about 90um. human hair ~50-70um. pollen,dust,mold ~10um

I believe an electric field "Ionic Breeze" type device should remove a lot of these particles - though such devices (always?) make ozone (?)

perchlorate

wikip: A perchlorate is the name for a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, Cl O4-.

space.com: Perchlorates are reactive chemicals first detected in arctic Martian soil by NASA's Phoenix lander that plopped down on Mars over five years ago in May 2008.

It is likely both of NASA's Viking Mars landers in 1976 measured signatures of perchlorates, in the form of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Other U.S. Mars robots — the Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity — detected elemental chlorine. Moreover, orbital measurements taken by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft show that chlorine is globally distributed.

"Perchlorate is not a common word in the English language; all of us had to go and look it up," Smith said during Spacefest V, a conference held May 24-27 (2017) in Tucson, Ariz. "Perchlorate has become an important component of the soil … and half a percent is a fair amount," he said.

Smith said microbes on Earth use perchlorate for an energy source. They actually live off highly oxidized chlorine, and in reducing the chlorine down to chloride, they use the energy in that transaction to power themselves.

"Anybody who is saying they want to go live on the surface of Mars better think about the interaction of perchlorate with the human body," he warned. "At one-half percent, that's a huge amount. Very small amounts are considered toxic. So you'd better have a plan to deal with the poisons on the surface."

Any humans exploring Mars, Smith said, will find it hard to avoid the finest of dust particles. "It'll get into everything…certainly into your habitat."

Undeniably, Martian dust devils laden with perchlorates are sure to be devilishly dangerous.

But Smith also noted that perchlorate is used within the pyrotechnics industry, and ammonium perchlorate is also a component of solid rocket fuel. "So maybe you can mine it as an on-the-spot resource," he said.

periodic table

figured out by Mendeleev 1869

Each row is a "period", ending in (?) an inert element (Group 18, "noble gases")
Each column is called a Group. member have 'similar behavior'.
metals on the left. non-metals on the right
elements towards the right have smaller atomic radii. b/c more protons...
Some groups have names as well as numbers
 1 alkali metals
 2 alkaline earth metals
17 halogens
18 noble gases
94 elements exist naturally
seen on CSET215 practice test

permaculture

from the top of the wikipedia article:
Permaculture is a branch of ecological design and ecological engineering which develops sustainable human settlements and self-maintained agricultural systems modeled from natural ecosystems.
The core tenets of permaculture are:

• Take Care of the Earth: Provision for all life systems to continue and multiply. This is the first principle, because without a healthy earth, humans cannot flourish.
• Take Care of the People: Provision for people to access those resources necessary for their existence.
• Share the Surplus: Healthy natural systems use outputs from each element to nourish others. We humans can do the same. By governing our own needs, we can set resources aside to further the above principles.

petrologic characteristics

    crustal plates, oceanic and continental
    thermal fractionation
    magma bodies
    subduction
    segregation
seen on CSET215 practice test

pH

pH = -log10(mol/liter) hydronium ions, "H+"; XAM p119
Earth's water is slightly acidic from dissolved CO2.
    wiki on pH
    PH_meter, how to build 1.
    probe
see also XAM p119. and exponential, ln()

phenology

Phenology (wiki) is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate.

Seen in UCD materials. They have a 'model' for many plants, weeds, crops etc predicting "event's in an organism's development" principally using 'degree-days'.
UCD example  on sweet corn shows it ready for harvesting at a degree-day value of about 1600. Below 50 degrees, it does not develop.

Phenolphthalein

a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.

Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments. It is a weak acid, which can lose H+ ions in solution. The phenolphthalein molecule is colorless, and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the phenolphthalein, the molecule ToFrom ions equilibrium shifts to the right, leading to more ionization as H+ ions are removed. wikip vv_titration

pH meter

model "eco testr pH 1", mfg Oakton

This ~$80 meter is accurate to 0.1 pH and is a wonderful jump over litmus paper!
But it is not simple to use.

It takes 4 hearing aid batteries. Size 675 works. These are 1.5v and CVS sold me
8 or ? $8 or so.
pH meter's manual, in pub/doc/
HydroFarm's note on ecoTestr pH 1

Phosphor

• a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence,
• Old fashioned term for phosphorus

Phosphorus (P)

A chemical element named for its light-emitting behavior, emits light due to chemiluminescence, not phosphorescence.

Phosphorus, commonly misspelled "Phosphorous", is an essential part of the enzyme responsible for aiding crops to fix light energy. It is a 'primary nutrient'. Nucleic acids carries genetic information and is important in stimulating root development. Phosphorus is an integral part of nucleic acids.

photosynthesis

    light-(in)dependent reaction
    chlorophyll A
    Calvin Cycle
seen on CSET215 practice test

plastic, melting points

Different types of plastic have different melting points.
PVC melts at approximately 175 degrees Celsius (347 degrees Fahrenheit).
HDPE, recycle symbol "2" melt  between 266F-295F.
polypropylene, recycle symbol "5" melt between 320F-406F.
If plastic impure, the melting point usually reduced.
sciencing.com

pith (balls)

Illusive term. heard/read for years that early electric experiments could levitate charged "pith balls". Pith turns out to be the white stuff found in elderberry plants. But styrofoam seems a readily available substitute. ref c08 p112

pollinate

Pollinating a tomato plant in a greenhouse (normal bugs cant get at the plants!) googled: how to pollinate tomato plants in a greenhouse ehow shows the (fe)male parts of flower. Says wind can do it to some degree. he uses small brush (or scissors in the video)

gardenWeb squash talks about squash needing it too. that some plants dont need it, that blossoms fall off if failure to launch "parthenocarpic" and are able to reproduce without pollination

vibrate some people vibrate the plant. electric toothbrush, shaver... peppers need pollination.

green house steps for starting from seeds. uses soil, not hydro (?); gives temps says the freq of vib is important.

Potassium (K)

primary nutrient. Potassium assist in the processes which ensure carbon assimilation and the transport of photosynthates through the plant for storage of sugars and proteins, and growth. Potassium is important for water regulation and intake. Sufficient potassium help plants resist frost, drought and certain diseases.

potato

Is a nightshade. See book "The Botany of Desire".
"The potato or, rather, green versions of it contains a natural toxin called solanine. The greenish hue that should warn you away from such spuds is actually chlorophyll, but its presence indicates concentrations of solanine are present in the tuber. " from:
snopes on green potatoes:

pressure regulator

garden hose compatible pressure regulator available at Home Depot. $28 (?). Note that you can apparently DESTROY the device by merely attaching it to a hose and turning on the water! You need to read and follow the instructions.
web site entry for this product. At 'raindrip.com'

primary nutrients

The primary, or macro, nutrients required by plants are

• Carbon (C) nutrient primary
• Hydrogen (H) nutrient primary
• Nitrogen (N) nutrient primary
• Oxygen (O) nutrient primary
• Phosphorus (P) nutrient primary
• Potassium (K) nutrient primary

One parent article for this entry is nutrient recipe

propane, C3H8

wiki 

protein synthesis

    amino acids
    DNA
    eukaryotes = any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and other organelles
        enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular.
        The defining feature that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells
        (Bacteria and Archaea) is that they have membrane-bound organelles,
        especially the nucleus, which contains the genetic material enclosed by
        the nuclear membrane.
    mRNA
    nucletide bases (4)
        building blocks of nucleic acids. Five nucleobases—
            adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T),
            and uracil (U)—are called primary or canonical.
            They function as the fundamental units of the genetic code,
            with the bases A, G, C, and T being found in DNA while
            A, G, C, and U are found in RNA. Thymine and uracil are
            identical excepting that T includes a methyl group that U lacks.
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase
    protein synthesis.
    tRNA
    transcription
seen on CSET215 practice test

reaction (types (?))

seen in CSET215 practice test
neutralization reaction. Adding exactly the same amt of acid/base to a base/acid.
    The result doesn't have to be pH 7 !
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)  //printed

redox (?)

reaction rate

factors like temp. TODO

reduction

reduction up means gain of electrons Redox, wikip

relative humidity

Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air.

Read the excellent article in wikip.

A useful rule of thumb is that the maximum absolute humidity doubles for every 20 F increase in temperature. Thus, the relative humidity will drop by a factor of 2 for each 20 F increase in temperature, assuming conservation of absolute moisture. For example, in the range of normal temperatures, air at 70 F and 50% relative humidity will become saturated if cooled to 50 F.

40 F air at 80% relative humidity, warmed to 70 F, will have a relative humidity of only 29% and feel dry.

By comparison, a relative humidity between 40% and 60% is considered healthy and comfortable in comfort controlled environments.

RO, Reverse Osmosis

TODO

saliva

Produced in salivary glands, human saliva is 98 to 99.5% water, but also contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes.
And white blood cells, and epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted)
Saliva buffers acidity in mouth, keeping pH in the range 6.2-7.4

saltpeter, KNO3

aka 'niter'. potassium nitrate.
very soluble. used in gunpowder?
used in fertilizers (?)

salt

salt bridge

in electrochemistry, is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (voltaic cell), a type of electrochemical cell. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium.

wikip

secondary nutrients

• Calcium (Ca) nutrient secondary
• Chlorine (Cl) nutrient secondary - not always essential
• Magnesium (Ma) nutrient secondary
• Sodium (Na) nutrient secondary
• Sulphur (S) nutrient secondary

One parent article for this entry is nutrient recipe

semiconductor

+ve P region, resisitivity region between conductor and insulator, -ve N region.
antimony boron silicon

silicate

silicates, sil minerals. in far future, sun's energy increase is expected to
alter silicate minerals such that the atmosphere contains less CO2 ! And plant
life will falter
silicate, wikip. Si == Silicon, 4 oxygens.
silicate minerals, wikip
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups.
They are the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals and
make up approximately 90 percent of the Earth's crust.
They are classified based on the structure of their silicate groups,
which contain different ratios of silicon and oxygen.
future of eartch, wikip

silicon

electronic tutorials semiconductor, local

Smart Pots

defining article can cut the side of the plastic bag and plant 'on the side' !

Sodium (Na)

secondary nutrient.
A soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal.
Because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates,
creating a positively charged ion—the Na+ cation.
6th most abundant element in earth's crust.
Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.
bright spectral 'D' line 589.3nm
wikip

soft water

see hard water

specific gravity, in general

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of
the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the
same given volume. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight
of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the
reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water at
its densest (4°C) for liquids; for gases it is air at room temperature (25°C).
Nonetheless, the temperature and pressure must be specified for both the
sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
specific gravity, wikip
hydrometer, wikip

specific gravity (of a (lead acid) battery)

 specific gravity falls as the battery discharges.
Specific_gravity, local
lead acid, charge level, wikip

steroids

PT1_Q wikip

stomata

pores on the bottoms of leaves (?). accept gases (?)
close at night to reduce water loss
seen on CSET 215 practice test

STP

273.15K and 100kPa(==1 bar), Standard temperature and pressure

polystyrene

dielectric constant 2.6 (C8H8)n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene

styrofoam

Styrofoam is a trademarked brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), commonly called "Blue Board" manufactured as foam continuous building insulation board used in walls, roofs, and foundations as thermal insulation and water barrier. This material is light blue in color and is owned and manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company.

In the United States and Canada, the colloquial use of the word styrofoam refers to another material that is usually white in color and made of expanded (not extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). It is often used in disposable coffee cups and coolers, and as cushioning material in packaging. The trademarked term is used generically although it is a different material from the extruded polystyrene used for Styrofoam insulation.

The Styrofoam brand polystyrene foam, which is used for craft applications, can be identified by its roughness and the "crunch" it makes when cut. Additionally, it is moderately soluble in many organic solvents, cyanoacrylate, and the propellants and solvents of spray paint.

wikip

Sulphur (S)

secondary nutrient. Sulphur forms part of two important amino acids which are part of the many building blocks of protein. Sulphur is found in B1 vitamin and several other enzymes.

supersaturated

condition. from one of the new (dec 2017) 'chem' books. ~ pg 100 (?)

SWC

"Self Watering Container", term seen on the EarthTainer site. heard elsewhere too.

tankNet

see http://www.acrolon.com/ uses LONworks!

termite

exhale CO2 and methane

titration

A common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of an identified analyte. Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis. A reagent, called the titrant or titrator is prepared as a standard solution. A known concentration and volume of titrant reacts with a solution of analyte or titrand to determine concentration. The volume of titrant reacted is called titration volume. Gay-Lussac first used titre as a verb, "to determine the concentration of a substance in a sample". burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791
wikip. good article!

terms:
acid-base titration
alkali
amino acid   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid; there are 20 standard amino acids
analyte   substance whose quantity is meas'd by titration
beaker, erlenmeyer flask
buffer (solution)
burette
cation, anion
endpoint (of the reaction)
equivalence point
hydroxide
indicator   methyl orange, bromothymol blue
organic chemistry - having to do w/ carbon based molecules
pH meter. useful for weak acid - weak base titrations
peptides
pipette
precursor
protein
reactant
redox
salt  ionic compound formed by neutralization reaction of an acid and a base
sigmoid function.
titrant
titration, types of: acid-base, redox
titration curve

tomato

See also germination,  tomato_cultivars,
and see illinois.edu about 'determinate' vs 'indeterminate';

tomatoville keeps Gdd records:

    Ultra-Early: 1100 heat units (=Gdd)
    Extra-Early: about 1300 heat units
    Early: up to 1500 heat units

  Tomatoes need somewhere above 1300 Gdd to ripen. But remember that ripening is affected by MANY other factors. Some varieties ripen with less Gdd but gardeners report these tomatoes do not taste as good as tomatoes exposed to more heat.

  Temps above 86F, and below 50F are not counted for tomatoes. Here's a rough* guideline:

    1400 Gdd - small fruited, very early varieties produce breakers
    1600 Gdd - medium fruited, early varieties begin to break
    1700 Gdd - usually results in a fair crop for larger-sized early tomatoes
    1750-1800 Gdd - usually results in a very good crop for early tomatoes of all sizes
    1800-2000 Gdd - are the requirements for most mid-season (70-80 day) tomatoes
    2000-2200+ Gdd for later season tomatoes (81-day+)

Gdd accuracy depends on proper plant nutrition, adequate sun, moisture, lack of disease/pests/damage.

Always try your best to give your plants full sun (author had 13-16 hrs!). They can get by with 8 hours, but of course better results will be had with more sun per day.

trophic pyramids

    ecosystems, biomass
A trophic pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or
bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid
seen on CSET215 practice test

urea

flourescent in UV.
colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.

valence (shell)

the max number of electrons in each shell related to the
principle quantum number, 'n': max = 2 (n^2) //going up as an _area_ expands(?)
Names like K L M N O P Q relate to X-ray terminology
The shells are named 's', 'p', 'd', 'f' (then alphabetically (except) j), 'g', 'h'...
Electrons can occupy higher shells even when lower shells aren't filled.
wikip

Electron Configuration
Neon's config = "1s^2 2s^2 2p^6";
wikip, Electron_configuration

Electrons filling the orbitals don't proceed just by shell #; they are added such that the atom's total energy is kept to the smallest allowable. The 1st shell '1s' is too small to have p, d, or f. Two electrons can fill the 1s orbital. Electrons 3 and 4 will fill s2. The next 6 will fill 2p. The surprise might come when electrons get added to 4s before 3d.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

no 2 electrons on an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers (n,l,m,s)

vinegar

water and a small amount of 5%-20% (5% typ) acetic acid. Solutions above 10% require careful handling, as they are corrosive and damaging to the skin. 20% acetic acid vinegar can be used as a herbicide.[

Vinegar bottles left open can develop cloudy bacteria at the bottom.

pH 4 (4.7?) // not known if this is spec'd; was mentioned in Yahoo!Answers

White vinegar is often used as a household cleaning agent. Because it is acidic, it can dissolve mineral deposits from glass, coffee makers, and other smooth surfaces. For most uses, dilution with water is recommended for safety and to avoid damaging the surfaces being cleaned.

wikip

water

why does water go stale overnight {
    water treatment adds up to 4mg Chlorine/liter
    gases in/out overnight.
    CO2 picked up.
    cold suppresses taste.
}

density                          1000 kg/m3 (= 1 'megagram' :-) )
heat of combustion
latent heat of vaporization   :
latent heat of fusion         :  TODO

water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

seen on CSET215 practice test
    aquifer
    pathways
    water table

water vapor

typ 1% to 4% at the surface.
lighter than air.
wikipedia

Zinc (Zn)

micro nutrient. Zinc increases the metabolic rate of plants. Zinc deficiencies will cause impaired cell functions. Zinc is also part of the make up of enzymes.