ref# | name | locations | notes |
---|---|---|---|
c01 | wikipedia! | __ | wonderful |
c02 | wikihow | __ | so-so |
c03 | Botany of Desire | dunno | 4 plants studied. Great |
c04 | handbook of western gardens(?) | garage? | Lisa's(?) |
c05 | UCD | __ | TODO find link... |
c06 | glossary_sci | __ | link |
c07 | instructables | online | __ |
c08 | Build-It-Yourself Science Lab | ofc shelf SG has copy | GREAT |
c09 | Atomic Chemistry | ofc (for now) | see prjt |
c10 | Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments | ofc | __ |
c11 | AP Chemistry Exam | ofc | Princeton Review |
c12 | Indoor Gardening | ? | |
c18 | College Chemistry, 'ref18' in gsci | Kindle, tablet | Schaum's outline. |
chem additions: anion(-), cation(+), ESD=ElectroStatic Discharge, isopropyl/cloud chamber Corona_discharge, arc'g smithsonian mag, rx'd 12/26/18 had 'great ball of fire' article. Said the age of a meteorite could be determined by ration of lead and K-Argon isotopes. Allende meteorite contained olivine, pyroxene, feldspar, and glass. 4.57 billion y.o.
'acid' is from the latin for 'sour' (!). precautions: store acid in glass vessels. (it reacts w/ metal) never pour water into acid (ref c08 p34) best gloves are nitrile. (ref c08 p35 and apx E) Acid-base reactions, types of 1. Arrhenius acid, 1884: adds H+ to water (actually makes H3O+), written "H+ (ag)". Arrhenius 1884. eg HCL,acetic Arrhenius base "adds OH-" this description is 'limited in its scope' 2. Bronsted-Lowry acid, 1923: proton transfer. CH3COOH + H20 <ToFrom>CH3COOH- + H3O+ //where CH3COOH is acetic acid 3. Lewis Acid, 1923: e- pair transfer.
issue | acid | base | notes |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 0-7 | 8-14 | |
litmus | red | paper orig blue. more | |
forms | salts | whn reactg w/ metal |
wikip aqueous solution ammonia NH3 conjugate base denoted A- in wikip. Acid-base conjugate pairs differ by one proton e- electron equilibrium constant Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] // == product concentrations / reactants concentration also discussed in ref 18, page 258 equilibrium constant example, XAM p117 hydron == H+ == proton hydronium ion H3O+ hydroxide (ion) OH- oxidizer causes something to lose electrons reducer 10-7 moles per liter signif...
ADP can be interconverted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and
adenosine monophosphate (AMP). ATP contains one more phosphate group than
does ADP. AMP contains one fewer phosphate group. Energy transfer used by
all living things is a result of dephosphorylation of ATP by enzymes known
as ATPases. The cleavage of a phosphate group from ATP results in the
coupling of energy to metabolic reactions and a by-product of ADP.
wikip
An alkane is a hydrocarbon, consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane, CH4 where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large molecules.
wikipnegatively charged ion
a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.
Arrhenius_equation, wikip
Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law), Arrhenius formulated what he referred to as a 'rule'. In its original form, Arrhenius' rule reads as follows:
"If the quantity of carbonic acid [ CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) ] increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression"
The following formulation of Arrhenius' rule is still in use today:
delta F = alpha * ln(C/C0)
where C0 is the concentration of CO2 at the
beginning (time-zero) of the period being studied [(If the same concentration
unit is used for both C and C0,
then it doesn't matter which concentration unit is used.)];
C is the CO2 concentration at end of the period being studied; ln is the
natural logarithm (= log base e (loge)); and Delta F
is the augmentation of the temperature, in other words the change
in the rate of heating Earth's surface (radiative forcing), which is measured
in joules of heat energy per second, per square meter — a joule per second
is one watt. Derivations from atmospheric radiative transfer models
have found that Alpha for CO2 is 5.35 (+/- 10%) for Earth's atmosphere.
electronic tutorials semiconductor, local![]()
from notes, reading TODO strong F out to 10e-14m Z #protons, N neutrons, A=Z+N atomic number chg sign for P vs electron. 1.602e-19 C where C is Coulombs binding E TODO. weird. Mev/C2 == mass 1932 chadwick. neutron nuclear radius r = r0 A1/3 where A is mass number. r0 is 1.2e-15m nuclear density = 2.3e17kg/m3 serway p1297 nuclear force range about 2 fm femtometeres. 2e-15m neutrons in nuc needed so protons don't fly away. due to coulomb force. see doc/nucNote.png nuc excited for 10e-10s ! much/all of this fm serway (vol II) gamma 1319 spin angular momentum
Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the
"molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.
When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or
monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP
such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.
It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA.
see also ADP, local
wikip
NaHCO3, Sodium bicarbonate, 84g/mol alkaline.
Baking soda can be used to raise the total alkalinity of a hot tub spa so long as the water isn't too acidic. It decomposes above 70 or 80C (references disagreed) and produces CO2 bubbles in a recipe. Used as a fire suppressing agent. Kills cockroaches (wikip)
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g) reaction w/ acetic acid (in vinegar)
CH3COONa is sodium acetate
wikip
make CO2 w/ baking soda
another CO2 effort
python pgm
wikip wikihow XAM p118 gives example, one which requires solving a quadratic !
a video on youtube claimed these were amphetamines and had caused many serious physical problems, "accidents".
voltage based on 'half reactions, wikip' in which each metal, anode or cathode, has its own interaction with the electrolyte. The combination produces the voltage. internal resistance builds up with use and will limit the voltage. See related prjt SFE Coulomb Counter, 180122 where are these? TODO Lead acid battery, wikip non-correctable problems, old doc, like cell reversal, battery university non-correctable problems, new doc, like cell reversal, battery university. TODO:read low capacity high internal resistance elevated self-discharge
(from SFE article on Coulomb counter) D cell: 12000 mAh, C cell: 8000 mAh; AA: 2700 mAh; AAA: 1200mAh "High-discharge LiPo" (Lithium Phosphate) used in model airplanes glossary_sci, 1C = 1A * 1sec 1 Ah = 3600C
zinc: Zn --> Zn(2+) + 2e- acid: 2H+ + 2e- --> H2 (sulphuric used by Volta) The copper electrode doesn't react. just an electrode. H2 accumulates on Cu electrode weakening the cell. (motion would help(?)) Volta, wiki, see section 'Early battery' acid,Zn,Cu
internalResistance/doc/batteryTestRint.png mathPhysics/internalResistance/doc, 1703xx internal resistance prjt mathPhysics/internalResistance... 1703xx rover/doc/batteryTable.png types of batts, properties. arduino/...; NiCd, NiMH, Li-ion... pix_figures/testingBattery54.jpg how to use common, small batt tester, 2010 robotics/doc/batteryTester.png robotics/doc, arduino schematic proposed for robotics. not built archive/car/batteryTable.html (Big) batts considered for electric car design. 0903060832 ExideGolfCartBatteryMaintenance.pdf detailed care of golf cart lead acid batteries, 2012 summary: recharge daily. don't overfill (can cause loss of electrolyte), use pure water, clean batt w/ baking soda check batt: acid specify gravity_batt should not vary more than 50 points between cells. fully charge before storing. check and recharge if below 1.22 specific gravity. New batteries and old batteries that have been in storage are not capable of their rated output until they have been discharged and charged several times. When temperatures are below 60ºF, new batteries should be given an extra, full charge once a week. The ampere hours a battery can deliver and its charge acceptance varies directly with battery temperature.
specific
gravityCharge 1.26-1.28 no need 1.24-1.26 4 hrs 1.22-1.24 8 hrs <1.22 12 hrs
an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6 an aromatic hydrocarbon...colorless and highly flammable liquid has a high octane number, it is an important component of gasoline. Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. ...benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. As its toxicity became obvious,...Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group.
binding force strongest in ionic bonds, next is covalent, last is Van der Waal PT1_Q68
A wacky-ass movement claiming that phases of the moon (and worse) suggest planting days, harvesting days etc. Amazing stuff. Seen at Santa Rosa's "Heirloom Expo". Search web for any of the scathing rebuttals to biodynamics.
if sodium tetraborate is "Na2B4O7", the 'borate' is B plus some number of O's.
A very "3D" image !
Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. Powdered borax is white, consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve in water. A number of closely related minerals or chemical compounds that differ in their crystal water content are referred to as borax, but the word is usually used to refer to the decahydrate.[1] Commercially sold borax is partially dehydrated.
Borax is a component of many detergents, cosmetics, and enamel glazes. It is used
to make buffer solutions in biochemistry, as a fire retardant, as an
anti-fungal compound, in the manufacture of fiberglass, as a flux in metallurgy,
neutron-capture shields for radioactive sources, a texturing agent in cooking,
as a precursor for other boron compounds, and along with its inverse, boric acid,
is useful as an insecticide.
wikip
Is also used in semiconductors:
A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an
aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its
conjugate base, or vice versa.
Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid
or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH
at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications.
In nature, there are many systems that use buffering for pH regulation.
For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood.
from wikip
Saw a Bill Nye video (Netflix, 1st video) where he made it by blowing bubbles into a glass of (chilled?) water with a straw! Took ~6-9 healthy blows.
When industry makes carbonated water, the water is chilled to just above freezing so it will absorb the max amount of gas Henry's law, wikip
'hypercapnia' == CO2 overload
see CO2, localThe chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl-. It is formed when the element chlorine (a halogen gains an electron or when a compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often very soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells.
wikipmolar weight = 44g, typ 390ppm, 50% heavier than dry air. Typical concentration in atmosphere = 390ppm = 0.039%, is < 1:2500 (other material says the concentration is closer to 300 or 350 ppm). 350-1000 typical of occupied indoor spaces w/ good air exchange 1000-2000 complaints of drowsiness, poor air 2000-5000 headaches, sleepiness, stagnant, stuffy air 30000 OSHA's max limit. == 3 percent 100000 lethal. 10%. death in 30 minutes.
'dry ice' -109.3F = -78.5C; no liquid form below 5.13 atm. solid to gas == 'vv_sublimation' lowers water's pH when dissolved in it, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3) density about 1.5 g/cm3 def dryIceNeeded(vol2fill_cm3) : see examples/dryIce*.py
wikip articles found w/ google string "carbon dioxide enrichment"
hydrofarm article quantitative article. Has 'store locator' (2 in concord!)
homeharvest "air fertilization". cites specific plants w/ results at 550ppm
Aspen FACE The (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Experiment is a multidisciplinary study to assess the effects of increasing tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide levels on the structure and function of northern forest ecosystems.
comprehensive guide "Studies have shown optimal growth and yields at 90-95f, 1,500 ppm CO2, 45-50 % relative humidity, 7,500-10,000 lumens/square foot of light, and vigorous air movement both above and below the canopy. CO2 enrichment under 80F, under 7500 lumens/sf, or above 50% humidity is not recommended because plants will not be conducting photosynthesis quickly enough to benefit from the enrichment."
Quantifies volume, CO2 needed. Describes exhaust cycling, CO2 generation.
propane quantity, mosquito killing devices!, fermentation of sugar and __
soda/acid requires a lot of material except for small closet grows
human breathing. normal. 70minutes for full day, 512 cu ft. (16seconds for 2cu ft!)
circulation fan needed.
CO2 fm baking soda
CO2 fm paraffin candles
CO2 fm propane (torch)
baking_soda = Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
baking_powder = baking soda + some stuff
carbonated water, local
A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species
formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base
with a hydrogen ion added to it. On the other hand, a conjugate base is merely
what is left after an acid has donated a proton in a chemical reaction.
Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid.
In summary, this can be represented as the following chemical reaction:
Acid + Base <ToFrom> Conjugate Base + Conjugate Acid
The Brønsted–Lowry theory, which proposed that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. A proton is represented by the symbol H+ because it constitutes the nucleus of a hydrogen atom,[2] that is, a hydrogen cation.
A cation can be a conjugate acid, and an anion can be a conjugate base, depending on which substance is involved and which acid–base theory is the viewpoint. wikip
micro nutrient. Copper contains amine oxidase (CuAO) has been suggested to play a role in h2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) production in plant cell walls during cell development and in response to pathogen attack. Copper functions as a catalyst in photosynthesis and respiration. It is a constituent of several enzyme systems involved in building and converting amino acids to proteins.
Copper is important in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and is important in the formation of lining in plant cell walls which leads to the structural strength of the cells, and the plant. Copper also affects the flavor, the storage ability, and the sugar content of fruits.
"Cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful group of microorganisms on earth. They are the most genetically diverse; they occupy a broad range of habitats across all latitudes, widespread in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and they are found in the most extreme niches such as hot springs, salt works, and hypersaline bays."
Cyanobacteria account for 20-30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity".
"Large blooms can also rob the water of oxygen, creating a dead zone
where other organisms cannot survive"
wiki article on cyanobacteria
Lake Atitlan bloom 2009
container. thermos? Serway p577
seen on CSET215 practice test alleles = a variant form of a given gene, can be recessive autosomal transmission. An autosome is a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (== allosome ). cell = doc/DNAinCell.png chromosomes: X, Y are the 'allosomes' (== sex-determining chromosomes). Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis chromosome phases interphase // prep for cell division. no real chrom activity(?) During all three parts of interphase, the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. sub phases. G1 (first gap), S (synthesis, Chrom copies made(?)), and G2 (second gap) mitosis (preprophase only for plants) prophase. tightly condenses chromosomes and initiates mitotic spindle formation prometaphase nuclear envelope disintegrates metaphase two centrosomes begin pulling the chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell anaphase sister chromatids together are cleaved and move to ends of cell telophase new nuclear envelope forms Cytokinesis is a 'clean up' phase. imho models gene == a sequence of DNA or RNA which codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene pedigree chart == a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart phenotype == the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest). A phenotype results from the expression of an organism's genetic code, its genotype, as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two. When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species, the species is called polymorphic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype prokaryotes lack a nucleus bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome, but many variations exist.
PT1_Q10 Which relationship about enthalpies in an endothermic reaction is correct? ans Hr < Hp. Correct Answer: HR < HP which apparently means: "When the enthalpy of the reaction is less then enthalpy of products, then the reaction is endothermic"
output1.conc * output2.conc | [CH3CO2C2H5] [H2O] | |
---------------------------------- | = | ---------------------------------- = 4 |
input1.conc * input2.conc | [CH3COOH] [CH3CH2OH] |
"Reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change." wikip
has the simplest structure of all plant growth substances wikip
claims: all modern species have evolved fm ancestral forms natural selection is the main mechanism for change. embryos similar.
low oxygen, aquatic environment
name | tMin | tMax | flower | latin name | notes, references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dandelion | - | - | 50 | - | use to indicate Gdd 50 |
melons | - | - | ≥1750 | - | - |
potato | 46 | - | - | - | Gdd wiki |
tomato | 50 | 93 | ≥1300 | Solanum lycopersicum | Gdd wiki |
tomato2 | - | - | 1650-1700 | - | farmer. "to ripen",http://uspest.org/wea/ |
soft model would use translucent drop cloth, 1-2 layer, with hoop battens. would need hard end plates for mounting vent(s) acrylic model: plaster mold for acrylic . make male mold w/ router'd 14-18" (half) circles, slatted, sanded to shape. 250 degrees(?) needed. Bell Plastics, 2020 National Avenue, Hayward, CA, West on Winton, turn left on Clawiter, rt on National could make my own mold. plaster molds for plastics mold-plexiglass
a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and any fluorocarbons. methane CO2
"salt-producing". 5 related elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine. All of the halogens form acids when bonded to hydrogen (== 'halides') chlorine, bromine and iodine, are often used as disinfectants. When halogens react with metals they produce a wide range of salts Halogen
One of the small scale uses of isopropanol is in cloud chambers.
Isopropanol has ideal physical and chemical properties to form a
supersaturated layer of vapor which can be condensed by particles of
radiation.
dehydrating, instructables for cloud chamber
It will dissolve ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, gums and natural resins. Unlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into a distinct layer. isopropyl has a maximum absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet-visible spectrum
Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and
red litmus paper turns blue (or green) under basic or alkaline conditions,
with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F).
Neutral litmus paper is purple.
An alternative (probably more modern) is 'universal indicator' (fluid or paper). Paper form is better if the solution is dark. universal indicator,wikip
How to make litmus paper from red cabbage leaves (TODO: there are 2+ types of litmus!)
TODO: "universal indicator" solution is modern day replacement for litmus paper. Bill Nye, season 1, show 2(?)
Boil your red cabbage until the water it is a red-purple color. Strain the red cabbage from the solution. Cut your blotting paper into small strips. Put your blotting paper strips into the solution and leave them there to soak. soak for minutes. really. be patient. Take them out and leave to dry. Your litmus strips are now ready to use!
18010x I used 1/2 cabbage. Made ~1.4 pints of inky fluid, 2 1-pint jars. I stapled together a bunch of strips of printer paper. Didn't let them SOAK long. Only edges done on most of them. the 0.4 pint solution got much lighter. Did the solution react to the ?acidity +/- of the paper? Does a pint of solution only color so much paper?
180115: using the 1 pint of still inky solution. papers not stapled. Will drop into jar and let soak LONG time - then dump the solution(?).
Simon noted (too late) that I could have made several dishes
with the cabbage... but I had tossed it. ref c08, p54, item 74.
How-to-make-litmus-paper
wikip
carbon | 12 |
hydrogen | 1 |
oxygen | 16 |
sodium | 23 |
acetic acid | 60, pH 4.7l wikip |
CO2 | 44 |
glucose | 180 |
paraffin | 310 |
propane | 44 |
water | 18 |
Nitrous oxide, N2O: water soluble, fat soluble, non-flammable but, when hot, it's an oxidizer like O2 whipped cream, propelled by N2O, is unstable and will become liquid in 30min. Long-term exposure to N2O depletes vitamin B12 levels
Nitrous oxide is a very common inhalational anesthetic that offers analgesia, anxiolysis, and sometimes amnesia. It’s a colorless, non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet taste.
Inhalation Dose A couple lungfuls is usually adequate to produce effects. The average amount used during the course of a session is 1-5 cartridges or 1-5 balloons. Onset: seconds Positive Effects: The drug is usually relaxing and somewhat sedating. Dissociation; Euphoria; Sensations of floating, body tingling, warmth, and numbness; Anxiolysis (anxiety inhibited state); Mood lift; Analgesia; Pro-sexual effects; Laughter & giggling; Dream-like state Negative Effects: Amnesia, Dizziness, Nausea, Vomiting, Headache
Because N2O is minimally metabolised in humans (with a rate of 0.004%), it retains its potency when exhaled into the room by the patient, and can pose an intoxicating and prolonged exposure hazard to the clinic staff if the room is poorly ventilated.
Medical grade is used as a pain killer by dentists but is diluted with oxygen. It's also known as "laughing gas" and, by kids, as "noz".
The nitrous oxide available to the general public for performance enhancement has sulfur dioxide mixed with it to avoid substance abuse.
The nitrous oxide used as a propellant for whipped cream is thought to be pure (fh).
Nitrous is stored in the bottle in liquid form at about 1000 PSI. When it is released into the intake, it expands into a gas. This causes the temperature to drop considerably, which causes the density to rise. The denser the intake charge is, the more that will fit in the cylinder.
It just serves as an oxidizer in a racing application.
dragster company
an 'alkane'. C22H46 for candle wax There isn't a single formula for paraffin as the term seems to apply to a series of similar compounds.
density 900 kg/m3 heat of combustion 42 kJ/g latent heat of vaporization : latent heat of fusion (C25H52): 200-220J/g (wikip, syn: "enthalpy")wikip
health.ny.gov 2.5um is about 1000th of an inch, 30 times smaller than human hair. The short-term standard (24-hour or daily average) is 35 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3) and the long-term standard (annual average) is 12 µg/m3. www.epa.gov find beach sand is about 90um. human hair ~50-70um. pollen,dust,mold ~10um
I believe an electric field "Ionic Breeze" type device should remove a lot of these particles - though such devices (always?) make ozone (?)
no 2 electrons on an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers (n,l,m,s)
wikip: A perchlorate is the name for a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, Cl O4-.
space.com: Perchlorates are reactive chemicals first detected in arctic Martian soil by NASA's Phoenix lander that plopped down on Mars over five years ago in May 2008.
It is likely both of NASA's Viking Mars landers in 1976 measured signatures of perchlorates, in the form of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Other U.S. Mars robots — the Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity — detected elemental chlorine. Moreover, orbital measurements taken by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft show that chlorine is globally distributed.
"Perchlorate is not a common word in the English language; all of us had to go and look it up," Smith said during Spacefest V, a conference held May 24-27 (2017) in Tucson, Ariz. "Perchlorate has become an important component of the soil … and half a percent is a fair amount," he said.
Smith said microbes on Earth use perchlorate for an energy source. They actually live off highly oxidized chlorine, and in reducing the chlorine down to chloride, they use the energy in that transaction to power themselves.
"Anybody who is saying they want to go live on the surface of Mars better think about the interaction of perchlorate with the human body," he warned. "At one-half percent, that's a huge amount. Very small amounts are considered toxic. So you'd better have a plan to deal with the poisons on the surface."
Any humans exploring Mars, Smith said, will find it hard to avoid the finest of dust particles. "It'll get into everything…certainly into your habitat."
Undeniably, Martian dust devils laden with perchlorates are sure to be devilishly dangerous.
But Smith also noted that perchlorate is used within the pyrotechnics industry, and ammonium perchlorate is also a component of solid rocket fuel. "So maybe you can mine it as an on-the-spot resource," he said.
Each row is a "period", ending in (?) an inert element (Group 18, "noble gases") Each column is called a Group. member have 'similar behavior'. metals on the left. non-metals on the right elements towards the right have smaller atomic radii. b/c more protons... Some groups have names as well as numbers 1 alkali metals 2 alkaline earth metals 17 halogens 18 noble gases 94 elements exist naturally seen on CSET215 practice testwikip wikip, huge img, interactive
crustal plates, oceanic and continental thermal fractionation magma bodies subduction segregation seen on CSET215 practice test
pH = -log10(mol/liter) hydronium ions, "H+"; XAM p119 Earth's water is slightly acidic from dissolved CO2.common fluids representing pH levels" wiki on pH PH_meter, how to build 1. probe see also XAM p119. and exponential, ln()
Seen in UCD materials. They have a 'model' for many plants, weeds, crops etc predicting
"event's in an organism's development" principally using 'degree-days'.
UCD example
on sweet corn shows it ready for harvesting at a degree-day value of about 1600. Below 50
degrees, it does not develop.
Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments. It is a weak acid, which can lose H+ ions in solution. The phenolphthalein molecule is colorless, and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the phenolphthalein, the molecule ToFrom ions equilibrium shifts to the right, leading to more ionization as H+ ions are removed. wikip vv_titration
model "eco testr pH 1", mfg OaktonThis ~$80 meter is accurate to 0.1 pH and is a wonderful jump over litmus paper! But it is not simple to use. It takes 4 hearing aid batteries. Size 675 works. These are 1.5v and CVS sold me 8 or ? $8 or so. pH meter's manual, in pub/doc/ HydroFarm's note on ecoTestr pH 1
Phosphorus, commonly misspelled "Phosphorous", is an essential part of the enzyme responsible for aiding crops to fix light energy. It is a 'primary nutrient'. Nucleic acids carries genetic information and is important in stimulating root development. Phosphorus is an integral part of nucleic acids.
light-(in)dependent reaction chlorophyll A Calvin Cycle seen on CSET215 practice test
mentioned on line. don't see a definition yet.
says it 'fuses' the plastic, shortening it Testors makes it. Need a ventilated area.
Different types of plastic have different melting points. PVC melts at approximately 175 degrees Celsius (347 degrees Fahrenheit). HDPE, recycle symbol "2" melt between 266F-295F.
polypropylene
, recycle symbol "5", melts between 320F-406F. If plastic impure, the melting point usually reduced. sciencing.com
Illusive term. heard/read for years that early electric experiments could levitate charged "pith balls". Pith turns out to be the white stuff found in elderberry plants. But styrofoam seems a readily available substitute. ref c08 p112
Pollinating a tomato plant in a greenhouse (normal bugs cant get at the plants!) googled: how to pollinate tomato plants in a greenhouse ehow shows the (fe)male parts of flower. Says wind can do it to some degree. he uses small brush (or scissors in the video)
gardenWeb squash talks about squash needing it too. that some plants dont need it, that blossoms fall off if failure to launch "parthenocarpic" and are able to reproduce without pollination
vibrate some people vibrate the plant. electric toothbrush, shaver... peppers need pollination.
green house steps for starting from seeds. uses soil, not hydro (?); gives temps says the freq of vib is important.
The melting point, even for low quality poly, seems to be ~220F (wiki, at bottom)
A check on the web, however, suggests he might be wrong. The web entries aren't great at defining what type of plastic they're using.
A web demo showed an iron, set to Wool, used to bind 2 'plastic' sheets (polyethylene?). He used "sticky tape" (double-sided?).
air tape plastic top tape plastic btm tableHe rolled the iron, just the very edge, over the top layer of tape. Several passes. Then removed the top layer of tape. a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene">wikip
amino acids DNA eukaryotes = any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular. The defining feature that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea) is that they have membrane-bound organelles, especially the nucleus, which contains the genetic material enclosed by the nuclear membrane. mRNA nucletide bases (4) building blocks of nucleic acids. Five nucleobases— adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U)—are called primary or canonical. They function as the fundamental units of the genetic code, with the bases A, G, C, and T being found in DNA while A, G, C, and U are found in RNA. Thymine and uracil are identical excepting that T includes a methyl group that U lacks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase protein synthesis. tRNA transcription seen on CSET215 practice test
seen in CSET215 practice test neutralization reaction. Adding exactly the same amt of acid/base to a base/acid. The result doesn't have to be pH 7 ! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry) //printed redox (?)
Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air.
Read the excellent article in wikip.
A useful rule of thumb is that the maximum absolute humidity doubles for every 20 F increase in temperature. Thus, the relative humidity will drop by a factor of 2 for each 20 F increase in temperature, assuming conservation of absolute moisture. For example, in the range of normal temperatures, air at 70 F and 50% relative humidity will become saturated if cooled to 50 F.
40 F air at 80% relative humidity, warmed to 70 F, will have a relative humidity of only 29% and feel dry.
By comparison, a relative humidity between 40% and 60% is considered healthy and comfortable in comfort controlled environments.
aka 'niter'. potassium nitrate. very soluble. used in gunpowder? used in fertilizers (?)
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of the Earth's crust. They are classified based on the structure of their silicate groups, which contain different ratios of silicon and oxygen.In far future, the sun's energy increase is expected to alter silicate minerals such that the atmosphere contains less CO2 ! And (?) plant life could falter.
silicate, wikip, SiO4. 1 Silicon, 4 oxygens.
silicate minerals, wikip
future of earth, wikip
secondary nutrient. A soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal. Because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged ion—the Na+ cation. 6th most abundant element in earth's crust. Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. bright spectral 'D' line 589.3nm wikip
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water at its densest (4°C) for liquids; for gases it is air at room temperature (25°C). Nonetheless, the temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm (101.325 kPa). specific gravity, wikip hydrometer, wikip
specific gravity falls as the battery discharges. Specific_gravity, local lead acid, charge level, wikip
pores on the bottoms of leaves (?). accept gases (?) close at night to reduce water loss seen on CSET 215 practice test
In the United States and Canada, the colloquial use of the word styrofoam refers to another material that is usually white in color and made of expanded (not extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). It is often used in disposable coffee cups and coolers, and as cushioning material in packaging. The trademarked term is used generically although it is a different material from the extruded polystyrene used for Styrofoam insulation.
The Styrofoam brand polystyrene foam, which is used for craft applications, can be identified by its roughness and the "crunch" it makes when cut. Additionally, it is moderately soluble in many organic solvents, cyanoacrylate, and the propellants and solvents of spray paint.
terms: acid-base titration alkali amino acid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid; there are 20 standard amino acids analyte substance whose quantity is meas'd by titration beaker, erlenmeyer flask buffer (solution) burette cation, anion endpoint (of the reaction) equivalence point hydroxide indicator methyl orange, bromothymol blue organic chemistry - having to do w/ carbon based molecules pH meter. useful for weak acid - weak base titrations peptides pipette precursor protein reactant redox salt ionic compound formed by neutralization reaction of an acid and a base sigmoid function. titrant titration, types of: acid-base, redox titration curve
tomatoville keeps Gdd records:
Ultra-Early: 1100 heat units (=Gdd) Extra-Early: about 1300 heat units Early: up to 1500 heat units
Tomatoes need somewhere above 1300 Gdd to ripen. But remember that ripening is affected by MANY other factors. Some varieties ripen with less Gdd but gardeners report these tomatoes do not taste as good as tomatoes exposed to more heat.
Temps above 86F, and below 50F are not counted for tomatoes. Here's a rough* guideline:
1400 Gdd - small fruited, very early varieties produce breakers 1600 Gdd - medium fruited, early varieties begin to break 1700 Gdd - usually results in a fair crop for larger-sized early tomatoes 1750-1800 Gdd - usually results in a very good crop for early tomatoes of all sizes 1800-2000 Gdd - are the requirements for most mid-season (70-80 day) tomatoes 2000-2200+ Gdd for later season tomatoes (81-day+)
Gdd accuracy depends on proper plant nutrition, adequate sun, moisture, lack of disease/pests/damage.
Always try your best to give your plants full sun (author had 13-16 hrs!). They can get by with 8 hours, but of course better results will be had with more sun per day.
ecosystems, biomass A trophic pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid seen on CSET215 practice test
the max number of electrons in each shell related to the principle quantum number, 'n': max = 2 (n^2) //going up as an _area_ expands(?) Names like K L M N O P Q relate to X-ray terminology The shells are named 's', 'p', 'd', 'f' (then alphabetically (except) j), 'g', 'h'... Electrons can occupy higher shells even when lower shells aren't filled. wikip Electron Configuration Neon's config = "1s^2 2s^2 2p^6"; wikip, Electron_configuration
water and a small amount of 5%-20% (5% typ) acetic acid. Solutions above 10% require careful handling, as they are corrosive and damaging to the skin. 20% acetic acid vinegar can be used as a herbicide.[
Vinegar bottles left open can develop cloudy bacteria at the bottom.
pH 4 (4.7?) // not known if this is spec'd; was mentioned in Yahoo!Answers
White vinegar is often used as a household cleaning agent. Because it is acidic, it can dissolve mineral deposits from glass, coffee makers, and other smooth surfaces. For most uses, dilution with water is recommended for safety and to avoid damaging the surfaces being cleaned.
wikipVol == O2 / (minute * kg_bodyMass) LA Times article said best athletes have 85-90 ml/(min * kg). out of shape 89 y.o. had reading of 12 normal man ~50
why does water go 'stale' overnight { water treatment adds up to 4mg Chlorine/liter gases in/out overnight. CO2 is picked up. cold suppresses taste. } density 1000 kg/m3 (= 1 'megagram' :-) ) heat of combustion latent heat of vaporization : latent heat of fusion : TODO
seen on CSET215 practice test aquifer pathways water table